Because there is no reliable treatment for horses with red maple poisoning, prognosis is generally guarded to poor. Other species of maple trees that are commonly found in Michigan include: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), norway maple (Acer platanoides) and boxelder (Acer negundo). Supportive care comes in the form of intravenous fluid therapy and blood transfusions. Even horses with access to abundant forage will often gnaw on tree bark, exhibiting natural investigative behavior. Consumption of wilted or dried red maple tree (Acer rubrum) leaves can be toxic to horses because they can cause destruction to the red blood cells, which limits their oxygen carrying capacity. If you have horses and a garden, you'll have to be careful that you do not have certain plants on your property. With three pounds or more, the horse will likely not survive. Corriher, M.H. The … Red Maple leaves are among the most toxic types of leaves for horses. Ingestion of 1.5 lb (0.75 kg) of leaves is toxic, and ingestion of 3 lb (1.5 kg) of leaves can be fatal in mature horses, though less may cause problems in smaller equids. Desired forage is scarce. Red maple trees, also known as Acer rubrum, are toxic to horses but nontoxic to dogs, cats and humans. Fresh green leaves are not toxic to horses. This information is for educational purposes only. Since Autumn Blaze is a hybrid of the red maple, it is possible, although undocumented, that it may be toxic to horses. Small equine like ponies and donkeys can show toxicity symptoms after ingesting as little as 0.5 lbs. Once wilted, however, leaves remain poisonous for as long as 30 days. Between 1981 and 2006, there has been more than 81 documented cases of Red maple toxicosis in horses living in the United States, caused by ingestion of wilted red maple leaves. Prevention of red maple poisoning is best accomplished by astute management. A guide to plant poisoning of animals in North America. Jeffrey W. Dwyer, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. Check out the MSU Agricultural Industries Certificate Program! Toxic and Non-Toxic Plant List - Horse Plants Toxic to Horses Adam-and-Eve (Arum, Lord-and-Ladies, Wake Robin, Starch Root, Bobbins, Cuckoo Plant) | Scientific Names: Arum maculatum | Family: Araceae 2001. Toxicity typically occurs in the fall during normal leaf drop and when pastures tend to have less available forage. Ingestion of 1.5 lb (0.75 kg) of leaves is toxic, and ingestion of 3 lb (1.5 kg) of leaves can be fatal in mature horses, though less may cause problems in smaller equids. Consumption of wilted or dried red maple tree leaves by a horse can lead to toxicity. The bark and the dried or wilted leaves of red maple are known to be toxic to horses. Consumption of wilted or dried red maple tree (Acer rubrum) leaves can be toxic to horses because they can cause destruction to the red blood cells, which limits their oxygen carrying capacity. Carefully manage trees that stand outside of paddocks or pastures but are situated nearby. However, other factors such as frost, tree trimming and storm damage may also contribute to wilted leaves. Trim lower branches so they are out of the reach of horses. Clean-up leaves and place them in a location that is not accessible to the horse. Oddly, some horses can live in pastures containing red maple trees for years without adverse reactions. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20:1197-1201. 5. This is another tree that you should be very, very cautious about. Nutritional management of equine diseases and special cases. Maple should NEVER be used for shavings, and what’s more maple trees should be trimmed so that the leaves are not accessible to horses… Red Maple Trees. p. 190-191. John Wiley & Sons. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. The bark of red maple trees is also toxic. Tom Guthrie, MSU Extension - If red maple leaves are discovered, the hay should be discarded or given to other livestock, which seem to be unaffected by the toxin in wilted red maple leaves. Jones. Common Plants and Trees That Are Poisonous to Horses. Possible Link Between Selenium and Cribbing in Horses, Hot Blood, Warm Blood, Cold Blood in Horses, Equine Digestive Health: Omeprazole and the Microbiome, Pasture Management: Plan Now to Avoid Buttercups, Foraging Behavior, Herd Hierarchy, and Body Condition in Horses. Poisoning is especially likely in the fall or following a storm when leaves of fallen branches become accessible to horses. Acer rubrum, the red maple, also known as swamp, water or soft maple, is one of the most common and widespread deciduous trees of eastern and central North America.The U.S. Forest service recognizes it as the most abundant native tree in eastern North America. Knight, A.P. Don’t plant trees that may be a risk factor in or close to horse pastures. Burrows, G.E., and R.J. Tyrl. Ingestion of partially wilted or dried red maple leaves is very toxic to horses, and it is one of the most common plant-associated poisonings in horses. Temporarily fence around maple trees to minimize the exposure to fallen, damaged leaves or wilted leaves. Trees not suitable for horses include: Acer rubrum (Canadian Maple), Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) Acer negundo (Box Elder) and their hybrids – These maples should be avoided as they produce cyanide in their leaves which suffocates animals by blocking oxygen transport via the red blood cells. Unlike other maple trees, which pose little threat to livestock, the wilted leaves of red maple are highly toxic to horses and can kill them within a day or so if ingested. Practical implications of toxic trees around your horse . 2006. The 4-H Name and Emblem have special protections from Congress, protected by code 18 USC 707. It’s not known what the toxin is exactly, but wilted red maple leaves can be fatal to horses who consume them. of ingested wilted or dry leaves could be lethal. They probably don’t taste good, and if better food is available, the horse won’t touch them. Maple. In addition, these trees may be the only source of shade in the pasture, which may make removing the tree(s) impractical. All Rights Reserved. Even “non-toxic” trees and shrubs and plants can cause a horse to not feel well, as those things are not part of his daily diet. The Red Maple (Acer rubrum; also called the Swamp Maple) is known to be toxic to horses, it has been suggested by researchers that other maple trees can be just as poisonous. Toxicity. The toxic ingredient in red maple leaves is believed to be gallic acid (1). Consumption of wilted or dried red maple tree (Acer rubrum) leaves can be toxic to horses because they can cause destruction to the red blood cells, which limits their oxygen carrying capacity. As the autumn season progresses and trees lose their leaves, some pastures may have a significant amount of leaf coverage. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA, p. 1110-1113. A 1,000 lb. Strategies to avoid consumption and/or horse exposure to toxic leaves include: This article was published by Michigan State University Extension. The leaves and bark of the red maple tree are highly toxic to them and care should be taken to prevent ingestion. The toxin in red maples oxidizes hemoglobin with the formation of Heinz bodies, methemoglobinemia and subsequent hemolytic anemia. Instead, animals will suffer from chronic toxicity, which is caused by repeat expos… Walter. The bark of the tree is also problematic. Though usually referred to as red maples (Acer rubrum), these trees are known also as scarlet maples, swamp maples, soft maples, and Caroline maples. of leaves for toxicity to be seen. Know the trees on your property, especially so you can tell your Vet if your horse turns up sick. November 22, 2017. 2013. Three species of maple trees may have toxic leaves, according to studies conducted by Cornell University’s Department of Animal Science. Intoxication of red maple leaves to horses is a seasonal problem that occurs most commonly in the summer and fall. Incidentally, in a research setting, horses fed fresh green leaves from red maple trees Particularly red maple, can be toxic to horses and should not be used for shavings. If sufficient tree bark is actually consumed, it can be as fatal as wilted leaves. According to Horse Journals, consuming only 1.5 pounds of these types of leaves can cause serious illness. In spring and summer, this usually occurs when horses have access to felled limbs left in grazing areas after storms or pruning. For more information, visit https://extension.msu.edu. Leaves may drop or blow into the pasture from outside the fence. Wilted or dry leaves can remain toxic for about 4 weeks. Most people realize that certain plants are toxic and should not be consumed by humans. horse would need to ingest approximately 1.5 lbs. Key— … They thrive throughout the entire eastern half of the United States and Canada in a variety of habitats, including both wet and dry soil. Clinical signs include lethargy, pale mucous membranes, elevated respiratory and heart rates, and red-brown discoloration of the urine. Increased rate of breathing and increased heart rate, Fresh leaves typically are not an issue but consumption is still not advised. Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: A retrospective study of 32 cases.
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